The Existential Divide: Science, Metaphysics, and the Psychology of Belief

The Existential Divide: Science, Metaphysics, and the Psychology of Belief

Author: William Collins

Date: November 5, 2024

URL: https://divine-physics.williamwcollins.com

Abstract:

Exploring the foundational question of existence—whether it is the product of design or an uncaused phenomenon—leads to a crossroads between science and metaphysics. Science, inherently limited to post-existent observations, contrasts with metaphysical questions of causation and origin. This divide prompts a deeper inquiry into the potential for an afterlife, unexplained phenomena, and the psychological impact of different worldviews on individuals and societies. In this essay, we examine these questions and the broader implications for human consciousness, exploring why certain questions—those that go beyond empirical science—are often met with resistance or dismissal.

For centuries, human inquiry into the origins of existence has remained within a bifurcated framework: either the universe was created, or it came into existence on its own, uncaused. This dichotomy—creation ex nihilo (creation from nothing) versus a purely naturalistic, self-causing cosmos—has been at the heart of philosophical discourse for millennia. Such questions, however, lead us beyond the reach of empirical science into the realm of metaphysics, where questions of purpose, origin, and ultimate reality require philosophical, rather than scientific, tools.

To clarify, science is inherently bound to the empirical; it deals with what can be observed, measured, and tested within the universe as we know it. It cannot, by its own definition, explain or examine anything outside of existence or before the Big Bang—a point in time often viewed as the universe’s inception. This limitation, while essential for scientific rigor, excludes it from answering pre-existent metaphysical questions such as the nature of a possible creator, the existence of an afterlife, or the origin of consciousness. Such questions inevitably belong to the realm of metaphysics.

1. Science and Post-Existence: The Realm of Empirical Knowledge

Science's reach begins after the universe’s inception, exploring the evolution of matter, space, and time from the Big Bang forward. The scientific method, as invaluable as it is for our understanding of the natural world, can provide insights into cosmology, physics, biology, and other fields but remains firmly tethered to observable phenomena. Renowned physicists and philosophers, from Einstein to Hawking, have grappled with the limitations of scientific inquiry in addressing the foundational question of existence. Science operates post-Big Bang, applying to what can be observed and measured within the universe but ultimately bypasses the question of why there is something rather than nothing.

As physicist and philosopher Erwin Schrödinger stated,

 “The scientist only imposes two things, namely truth and sincerity, imposes them upon himself and upon other scientists.”

This discipline gives science its integrity yet also imposes a boundary around questions that are by nature unobservable or immaterial. Scientific theories may explore the universe’s potential multiverses or quantum fluctuations, but these too are speculations rooted within the observable framework and cannot address existence itself as a metaphysical construct.

2. Metaphysics and Pre-Existence: The Domain of Ontology and Philosophy

Metaphysics ventures where science cannot, engaging with questions that defy empirical investigation. Aristotle, Aquinas, and Kant, among other philosophical giants, have examined the metaphysical prerequisites for a universe, pondering notions like causation, infinite regress, and the prime mover. This search for understanding led Aquinas to the idea of a necessary being, a prime mover that initiated everything without itself being caused, encapsulated in his famous Five Ways of proving God’s existence.

In Aquinas’ words,

 "It is necessary to arrive at a first mover, put in motion by no other; and this everyone understands to be God."

This statement highlights a fundamental premise: that causation within the universe presupposes an initial, uncaused cause. The argument implies that if everything requires a cause, there must logically be an ultimate, causeless entity—a concept that sits at the heart of metaphysical inquiry. This notion, however, requires philosophical engagement rather than empirical testing.

3. The Question of an Afterlife: A Metaphysical Possibility

The concept of an afterlife—of existence beyond physical death—is also inherently metaphysical. From Plato to contemporary theologians, the idea of an eternal soul or life beyond has captivated and confounded humanity. Just as the origin of the universe falls outside science’s reach, so too does the potential for a life after death.

Interestingly, the pervasive influence of unexplained phenomena—such as near-death experiences (NDEs), inexplicable medical recoveries, and recorded premonitions—adds a layer of complexity to this discussion. These phenomena, although not empirical evidence for an afterlife, contribute to the broader metaphysical discourse by suggesting that consciousness might exist in ways that transcend physical matter.

In essence, the question of an afterlife shares the same epistemological status as the question of creation: neither is empirically verifiable, yet both are possible within a metaphysical framework.

4. Worldviews, Individuals, and Society: Consequences of Belief

Worldviews, whether theistic, atheistic, or agnostic, deeply impact not only individual psychology but also societal structures. The Judeo-Christian belief in a divine purpose, for example, historically shaped laws, ethics, and cultural values throughout much of the world. Conversely, the rise of naturalism and materialism has influenced a secular understanding of morality and ethics, rooted in human reasoning rather than divine decree.

C.S. Lewis famously observed,

> “If I find in myself desires which nothing in this world can satisfy, the only logical explanation is that I was made for another world.”

This statement reflects the existential dissonance some feel in a purely materialistic worldview, one that often struggles to account for meaning, purpose, and transcendence. Naturalism may provide explanations for biological and chemical processes, but it often falls short of addressing intangible aspects of human experience: consciousness, love, altruism, and moral choice.

Moreover, societal norms and interpersonal relationships are profoundly shaped by these worldviews. The theistic worldview, which includes the possibility of divine judgment and accountability, promotes a different ethical and existential framework than one rooted solely in physical causality and evolutionary psychology. The possibility of post-mortem consequences, intrinsic to many religious perspectives, encourages behaviors and ethical considerations distinct from those in secular systems.

---

5. Intellectual Honesty in Belief and Unbelief

At the heart of these discussions lies the challenge of intellectual honesty. True open-mindedness requires acknowledging possibilities beyond one’s comfort zone, be it atheism, agnosticism, or theism. In the spirit of inquiry, genuine engagement with opposing viewpoints is crucial, especially on matters that defy empirical evidence. Often, however, discussions on these topics reveal more about personal biases and fears than about philosophical truths.

A preponderance of evidence, while not definitive, can still provide clues. The probability of complex life, the fine-tuning of universal constants, and the unexplained nature of consciousness are aspects that invite serious consideration. Yet, some individuals, regardless of their beliefs, may resist engaging in these conversations due to cognitive dissonance or an entrenched worldview.

Ultimately, the most honest answer, as expressed in philosophical discourse across the ages, remains: “We do not know.” As rational beings, it is essential to admit the limits of human understanding while maintaining an openness to possibility.

Conclusion: Toward a Collaborative Exploration

Belief in a creator and in an afterlife may not be empirically proven, but neither are they dismissed by intellectual honesty. Such questions are woven into the fabric of human experience, touching on psychology, philosophy, and metaphysical yearning. The conversation between belief and unbelief, when approached with humility and intellectual rigor, has the potential to foster greater understanding and insight into existence itself.

In closing, this ongoing journey toward truth and understanding, encompassing both science and metaphysics, continues to invite all who seek. As we explore the mysteries of existence, may we do so with courage, humility, and a commitment to the search for truth.

Veritas. Strength and Honor.

God bless and God speed.

— William Collins

[Messenger]

URL: https://divine-physics.williamwcollins.com

Brief Description:

A deep exploration of the existential divide between science and metaphysics, examining the questions of existence, the afterlife, and the influence of worldviews on individuals and societies. This essay encourages a collaborative and intellectually honest approach to belief and unbelief.

SEO Title:

The Existential Divide: Science, Metaphysics, and the Search for Truth

SEO Description:

An essay exploring the limitations of science in answering questions of existence, creation, and the afterlife, and the role of metaphysics and psychology in shaping our beliefs.

Hashtags:

#Philosophy #Metaphysics #Existence #Creation #Afterlife #ScienceAndFaith #Worldview #Causation #PrimeMover #InfiniteRegress #FaithAndReason #IntellectualHonesty #PsychologyOfBelief #Consciousness #HumanExperience #TruthSeeking #Veritas #WilliamCollins #GodAndScience #DivinePhysics #JudeoChristian #Atheism #Agnosticism #Probability #UnexplainedPhenomena #QuantumMystery #DarkMatter #SpiritualInquiry #LifePurpose #BeliefAndUnbelief #OpenMind #MysteryOfExistence #ScienceVsMetaphysics #FaithInScience